Soursop and Cancer

Chemicals found in the Annona muricata plant - a key to killing cancer?

 

Some of the most exciting research surrounding the medicinal uses of the Soursop (Graviola) plant revolves around its potential to fight cancer.

The plant Annona muricata (Soursop's botanical name) produces natural substances known as Annonaceous acetogenins in its leaves, bark and seeds. Numerous in-vitro studies, including eight clinical studies by three separate research groups, have shown that these compounds are able to target various types of cancer cells without damaging healthy cells.

This is done by attacking cancer at the cellular level - the acetogenins appear to inhibit and deplete the cancer cells' ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) - a chemical which transfers energy within and in between cells. This especially promising for scientists studying difficult MDR (multi drug resistant) forms of cancer (cancer which has become resistant to chemotherapy), as ATP plays an important role in these cancers' ability to "pump out" the anticancer drugs!

Interfering with ATP levels in the cancer cells can also cause death (apoptosis) of certain cells.

Clinical Research

Some types of cancer cells against which the Annonaceous acetogenins in Soursop appear to be effective. All studies in this table were in-vitro, except where otherwise noted.

 

* Key:

Cytotoxic - killed cancer cells
Cytostatic - kept cancer cells from multiplying
Anti tumor - reduced or destroyed tumors

For further reading on these or other research topics, see our curated resource list.

The Controversy:

Discussions of natural medicines and supplements, especially in regards to their potential as a cancer treatment, often end up polarized into two camps:

• Scientists and doctors, who argue that there is not enough research proving benefits or safety
• People who claim that use in folk medicine is sufficient to prove safety and effectiveness, and that "Big Pharma" is trying to suppress knowledge to make money.

Without taking sides, we'd like to point out a few things to think about:

• Scientists need to see real data - numbers and controlled testing - before drawing any conclusions.. This is generally lacking in traditional folk medicine.
• There are few people whose lives or those of a friend or family member have not been affected by cancer. This includes doctors, scientists and even the owners of pharmaceutical companies. It's questionable that anyone would want to suppress a "cure."
• Unethical supplement sellers exist, and they aren't above twisting a few facts of their own or paying people to post false testimonials on blogs and forums to generate sales. Unless its from a reliable source, take what you read online with a grain of salt.
• Substances from plants need to be synthesized to be produced on a large scale and to assure that the identical amount of the active compounds are in each dose. Like Taxol before it, it has taken a long time for scientists to be able to synthesize the annocins and acetogenins in Soursop.

If you or someone you know has cancer, please do not make any changes or additions to your course of treatment without consulting your oncologist and other qualified medical professionals who are familiar with your case.

Looking Ahead:

It is important to realize that although research has been performed on various human cancer cells, no clinical trials to test efficacy or safety have been done using human cancer patients as subjects. While there have been a couple of animal studies, most of the research on graviola has been in-vitro - studies conducted in the carefully controlled environment of a test tube or a petri dish. Many in-vitro studies fail to hold up when put to the test in human or animal trials. Still, the studies show great promise and further research is indicated and underway.

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Annona Muricata - "the Soursop tree"

 

Soursop, whose scientific name is Annona muricata,  is a member of  the plant family  Annonaceae - a botanical “cousin” to magnolias and the tulip trees.  There are over 60 species  of tropical trees in the Annona family, most of them native to the American continents.  Several species of Annonaceae are known for their edible fruits, including the True Custard Apple or Bullock's Heart (Annona reticulata), the Sugar Apple or Sweetsop (Annona squamosa), the Cherimoya (Annona cherimola), and, of course, the Soursop (Annona muricata).  Of those four species, the Soursop bears the largest fruit.

An “old world” tree, the first mention of the Soursop can be found in the writings of Spanish historian and writer Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, who describes it in his 1526 treatise on  the West Indies "La historia general y natural de las Indias" (General and Natural History of the Indies.)

The name “Soursop” refers to the taste, as well as the texture of the fruit. The tart pulp, which surrounds a soft-pithy core, is white, fibrous, and rather "soppy" with juice - like flaky bread which has been soaked in water.  Other popular names for this plant include Graviola (in Brazil) and Guanabana (in other Latin American countries)

Location and cultivation

Annona muricata grows wild or cultivated in tended plantations, at altitudes ranging  from sea-level up to 3,500 ft. The species is native to Latin America, and the West Indies, but has been imported into other parts of the world and today can be found growing in southeast China, Australia, and in many other countries throughout Africa, southeast Asia and the Pacific as well.

Although they can be grown in average soil, the A. muricata tree prefers soil which is rich, evenly moist and well-drained. It thrives on sun, with partial shade.  Best suited to tropical climates, frost kills these trees, and cold winds stunt their growth.

Soursop trees are cultivated throughout the warmer regions of the United States. For over a century, these trees have been planted in home gardens on the Florida Keys. In St. Louis, Missouri, they grow in greenhouses, flowering in the summer with fruits ripening in the fall.

These plants can even be grown in containers, however container-grown  trees tend to be much smaller, and produce fewer fruits per year. They are not at their best as houseplants! 

The flowering and fruiting season for the Annona muricata varies with location. In Queensland, Australia, ripening usually starts in April. In the Bahamas, fruit can ripen on the trees well into October. In India, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Florida fruits reach maturity from June through to September. (In Puerto Rico ripening can begin as early as March.)

And lucky Hawaii has up to 3 Soursop harvests per year: January to April, June to August, and October into November.

About the plant

The tree itself is a small evergreen with a slender trunk. It grows to reach a height of 15 to 20 feet tall, with a spread or diameter of 8 to 12 feet (including its leaves).

Soursop trees begin to bear fruit when they are 3 to 5 years old and achieve their maximum height at around 20 years. Fruit production is sparse, with each tree producing only an about 12  - 20 fruits per year.. With a life span of 100 years or less, they are somewhat short-lived by tree standards.

The deep green leaves of the soursop are leathery to the touch and oblong or oval in shape. They measure 1" to 2.5" wide and 2.5" to 8" long. Leaves are more glossy on the top side than on the underside and often curve downwards.

Flowers do not grow in clusters but rather singly - one flower here and one flower there. They can develop on practically any part of the tree – on short woody stalks, on the branches, on smaller twigs, or even directly on the trunk. Flowers are plump and  triangular in shape, measuring up to 2 inches long. They have 6 petals, 3 yellow-green ones on the outside, and 3 paler yellow ones on the inside

The immature Annona muricata fruit (Soursop) is dark green, and so well camouflaged among the leaves that it can be quite difficult to spot it! As the fruit ripens, the color turns more yellow-green, and the fruit becomes soft to the touch.

Fruits ares oblong in shape, with a rough skin bristling with soft “spines.”  These spines break off easily when the fruit is ripe. The size of the fruits vary, from 4 inches to 12 inches long, and up to 6 inches  wide. Large, individual fruits can weigh as much as 15 pounds! They have a slightly acidic or sour taste.

Each fruit contains anywhere from 25 to 200 seeds. These l/2" to 3/4" long seeds are black to light brown in color - oval and hard with a smooth surface.  Although they have been used in folk medicine, the seeds contain powerful alkaloids and are potentially toxic.

Traditional and commercial uses

For centuries, various parts of A. muricata have been used in an astounding number of ways, from medicinal purposes, to household remedies and tools, to dietary supplements, food and desserts, and even candy. .

Wood - The pale, soft and aromatic wood is light weight and not very durable. However, it makes good ox yokes, because it is so soft that it does not rub the hair off the necks of the oxen. In Colombia, it is also used to make pipe stems and staves for barrels.

Bark - The bark of the soursop has been used for tanning hides. The bark fiber is strong and could be used to make ropes.

Trees are considered more valuable for their fruit, so the root and bark are only used sparingly..

Seeds and Seed Oil - Seed oil has been used to treat head lice and other parasites,
A tincture (medicine made by dissolving something in alcohol) of the powdered seeds and other ingredients has been used as to induce vomiting, however this is rather dangerous, as the seeds contain compounds believed to be toxic. A tincture containing too many seeds could easily do more harm than good!

Leaves - Leaves of the soursop tree are widely used in folk medicine and various household purposes. An old remedy in the Netherlands Antilles is to put Annona muricata leaves into a pillow, or strew the leaves on the bed to get a good night’s sleep. In Gambia, the leaves are thought to exterminate bedbugs.

In Africa, an infusion of Annona muricata leaves are made by soaking the leaves in water. Feverish children and given this concoction to drink, and sometimes gently bathed with it.

The leaves are also used to make tea.

Food and beverage

The fruit of the soursop is a popular ingredient in food and drink in many cultures. The fruit pulp is used to make refreshing soft drinks, as well as various confections and candies, ice cream, sherbets, and other desserts.  Restaurants in the Dominican Republic serve  a soursop custard.

In Guatemala, the juice is sold as a carbonated, bottled beverage. In the West Indies, soursop is used to produce a  fermented drink, rather like cider.

Soursop fruits have been used as vegetables, in salads, raw, roasted, fried or boiled. Soursop can often be found on the menu in Mexican restaurants in New York and other northern cities.

Fishing
Seeds, roots and bark, have also been used to make fish poison. This is an ancient way of catching fish - the poison is put in the water, where the fish breathe it in through their gills. The substance temporarily disables the fish, which then  float up to the surface. The fishermen quickly gather up the fish, before the effect wears off.

In the Virgin Islands, pieces of the fruit are placed in fish traps as bait.

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Soursop (Graviola) - Overview and FAQ

Overview - What is Soursop?

Soursop (also known as Graviola) is a small evergreen tree with shiny green leaves, which grows to a height of about 15'-20'. It produces a green fruit with tart white flesh, and grows in warm tropical regions primarily throughout North and South America.

Are there other names for it?

Soursop is also known as Graviola, Guanabana (in Mexico and Latin America), Prickly Custard Apple, or by its botanical name, Annona muricata. It is sometimes mistakenly called "Paw-Paw" (which is a related plant species.)

Soursop - a cure for cancer?

Is Soursop effective in fighting cancer?

There is no direct evidence or human studies indicating that Soursop fights or cures any form of cancer. However, a unique group of chemicals found in its leaves, bark and seed (called Annonaceous acetogenins) have been the subject of several very promising animal and in-vitro studies, in which they were shown to kill or inhibit the growth of various lines of human cancer cells.

What cancer-related studies have been done ?

In in-vitro ("test tube") lab tests, the acetogenin chemicals extracted from Soursop were shown to be toxic to various tumor cells, including lung and pancreatic carcinomas, prostate and colon adenocarcinomas, liver cancer, human lymphoma, multi-drug resistant breast adenocarcinomas, ovarian, cervical and skin cancers.

A 2002 study on mice which had been inoculated with lung cancer cells concluded that the test subjects treated with annonacin (from Graviola) exhibited a 57.9% reduction in their tumors with no toxicity.

While encouraging, it's important to understand that tests of a substance on mice or in test tubes don't always predict the same outcome in human use. Further testing is underway to better understand the potential of this supplement.

Research studies and latest findings

Are there other medicinal uses or health benefits?

Because of the phytonutrients, antioxidants and other chemicals found in the plant, soursop may support your immune system and contribute to a feeling of well-being. People in the areas where it is indigenous have used Soursop for a variety of uses: as a sedative, to stimulate digestion, to reduce fevers, ...even for getting rid of internal and external parasites.

More health benefits of graviola (soursop)

Is Soursop safe?

As with many herbal supplements, there is no formal rating on this substance. There is some safety data for rats, however there is no data yet from clinical trials using human subjects. It may be advisable to opt for short-term use and not exceed recommended dosages. Soursop can interact with some medications and may be contraindicated for individuals with certain medical conditions. As with adding any new supplement, you should check with your doctor.

Does Soursop cause Parkinson's disease?

In the country of Guadeloupe in the French West Indies, where Soursop is regularly used as an herbal medicine to treat internal parasites, there is also a higher-than-average incidence of a neurological disorder similar to Parkinson's. There are no studies directly linking this malady to Soursop, however lab tests have shown that the fruit, roots and seeds of the plant contain an alkaloid which has been shown to damage certain cells in-vitro and could potentially produce symptoms of this type. Excessive consumption of those parts of the plant should be avoided.

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Soursop - Medicinal Uses

Soursop (Graviola) and Cancer

 

Research showing the effect of Soursop extract on various types of cancer cells has produced some promising results, which may someday change the future of oncology.

Learn more about the studies on Soursop and cancer.

Soursop and your immune system

The fruit of Annona muricata is rich in phytochemicals which are believed to have strong antioxidant activity. A number of studies have been done on the antioxidant properties of Soursop. The positive effect of Graviola (Soursop) tea on your immune system was also discussed on a segment on the popular "Doctor Oz" show.

Traditional Herbal Medicine

Soursop has long played an important role in traditional herbal medicine everywhere it is found - throughout the Caribbean, in South America, and in parts of Madagascar and Malaysia. These systems use different parts or the annona muricata plant to treat different maladies, as summarized below:

 

 

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Side-effects, safety and drug interactions

 

Contraindications:

Do not take soursoup (graviola) supplements if:

• You have low blood pressure - Soursop supplements could cause a further decrease in your blood pressure.
• You are pregnant - graviola can trigger premature uterine contractions.
• If you are breast feeding, as it may be unsafe for your baby.
• If you have Parkinson's disease.

This supplement should not be taken by anyone under age 18 unless prescribed by a medical professional.

Use with caution (or better yet, get your doctor's OK) if you are allergic to latex - there is some evidence of cross-reactivity between fruits of the custard apple family and latex ("latex-food syndrome.")

Drug Interactions:

Avoid if you are taking any of the following types of drugs:

• anti-hypertensive
• vasodilators
• cardiac depressant drugs
• anti-depressants
• MAO inhibitors

Graviola can dangerously increase or decrease the effects of these medications - take only under the direction and supervision of your physician. Dosages of your medication may need to be closely monitored or adjusted.

Taking the supplement CoQ10 (Co-enzyme Q10) along with Soursop may interfere with the effectiveness of Soursop.

Side Effects

High dosages may cause nausea and vomiting and/or result in sleepiness or sedation. If this occurs, reduce or discontinue the dosage and notify your doctor.

Long-term use of soursop may reduce "helpful" bacteria in your digestive tract. Consider supplementing with probiotics.

Chronic use of soursop MAY cause symptoms of neurological damage similar to Parkinson's disease. Although there is evidence, this connection has yet to be proven, and there may be additional genetic or environmental factors involved. Excessive use of the fruit, root, root bark and seeds of the plant should be avoided, as alkaloids in these parts of the plant may be to blame.

Sources:

1. Graviola (Annona muricata) Monograph By Barbara Noller N.D., BHSc., December 2003

2. Graviola supplement research studies, benefits, risks, side effects By Dr. Ray Sahelian MD

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 Soursop (Graviola) Research

A collection of relevant clinical studies which have been conducted on Annona muricata (soursop) and its extract, and several articles on this supplement which were written and/or reviewed by medical professionals.

Last updated: May 25, 2014

• Studies - General
• Studies - Cancer
• Other Medical Research
• Additional Resources

Annona muricata - General Research:

Technical Data Report for Graviola
(Download the pdf)

This 2005 document, which includes two resources ( an excerpt from The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs (2005), by Leslie Taylor and a 2003 monograph by Barbara Noller N.D., BHSc), provides a comprehensive overview of Soursop (Graviola) - its chemical properties, traditional use and the findings of various clinical studies from the mid-1900's through 2003. Older resource, but highly recommended.

In vitro antioxidant studies in leaves of Annona species.
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, May 2007
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569293

Findings of this study suggest that the extracts of A. muricata possess potent in vitro antioxidant activity

Toxicological evaluation of the lyophilized fruit juice extract of Annona muricata Linn. (Annonaceae) in rodents.
Journal of Basic Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, December, 2013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353141

The study established that soursop extract did not cause any significant toxic effect in rats following oral administration for 60 consecutive days.

Synergistic larvicidal effect and morphological alterations induced by ethanolic extracts of Annona muricata and Piper nigrum against the dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti.
Pest Management Science, May 2013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112098

The extracts of Annona muricata (soursop) and the Piper nigrum fruit may be an inexpensive way to kill the larvae of the Aedes aegypti mosquito - a vector of Dengue fever.

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Cancer-Related Studies and Abstracts

New cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata.
Journal of Natural Products - April, 2002
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11975482

Acetogenins isolated from the seeds and leaves of Soursop (Annona muricata) showed significant activity in in-vitro cytotoxic assays against two human hepatoma cell lines

Novel cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata.
Journal of Natural Products - July, 2001
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11473425

Acetogenins extracted from seeds of Annona muricata showed significant, selective in vitro cytotoxicities toward human hepatoma cell lines

Annonacin, a mono-tetrahydrofuran acetogenin, arrests cancer cells at the G1 phase and causes cytotoxicity in a Bax- and caspase-3-related pathway.
Life Sciences, May 9, 2003
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12697268

Study determined that purified Annonicin (in this case, extracted from seeds of a plant closely related to Soursop) caused cell death in various cancer cell lines, particularly in T24 bladder cancer cells.

Quantitative assessment of the relative antineoplastic potential of the n-butanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata Linn. in normal and immortalized human cell lines.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention - 2012
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22524847

This study confirmsd the presence of therapeutically active antineoplastic (anti-cancer) compounds in the leaf extract of Annona muricata.

Annonacin induces cell cycle-dependent growth arrest and apoptosis in estrogen receptor-α-related pathways in MCF-7 cells.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology - October 11, 2011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840388

This study, examined the effects of annonacin, an annonaceous acetogenin, in human breast cancer cells which had been grafted onto mice. It concluded that Annonacin slowed growth, reduced tumor size and induced apoptosis (cell death) in MCF-7 tumor cells.

Selective growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by graviola fruit extract in vitro and in vivo involving downregulation of EGFR expression.
Nutrition and Cancer - 2011
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767082

(EGFR) is a gene frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and associated with a poor prognosis and drug resistance. This study showed that extract from graviola (soursop) fruit significantly inhibited gene expression and thus the growth of breast cancer cells and tumors (grafted onto mice) without affecting nontumorigenic (non-cancerous) cells.

Graviola: A Novel Promising Natural-Derived Drug That Inhibits Tumorigenicity and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo Through Altering Cell Metabolism
Cancer Letters - October 1, 2012
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371140/

This study (full text available) evaluates the potential of a graviola (soursop) extract as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. Experiments showed that Graviola induced necrosis of pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting cellular metabolism. However, in the conclusion the author cautions that alternative medicine should still be considered a supplement and not a replacement for standard therapy. Studies (in-vitro) examining the effectiveness of graviola in conjunction with chemotherapy drugs are being conducted.

Anti cancer activity on Graviola, an exciting medicinal plant extract vs various cancer cell lines and a detailed computational study on its potent anti-cancerous leads.
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23889049

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Clinical Studies - Other Medicinal Uses:

Anti-bacterial

Antibacterial effect (in vitro) of Moringa oleifera and Annona muricata against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. May-Jun, 2010
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20602021

The aqueous extracts of soursop showed an antibacterial effect against S. aureus and V. cholerae. Full text available (Portuguese)

Anti-inflammatory

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Ethanol Extract of Annona muricata L. Leaves in Animal Models
International Journal of Molecular Sciences - May, 2010
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885094/

Animal tests indicate therapeutic anti-inflammatory and pain relief properties of ethanol extract from Annona muricata leaves. Further studies to ensure safe usage are advised.

Diabetes

Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata (Annonaceae), aqueous extract on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology - Feb 3, 2014
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24076471

Oral administration of Annona muricata aqueous extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Anti hyperglycemic activities of Annona muricata (linn)
Afrocam Journal pf Traditonal Complementary and Alternative Medicine., Vol 6 No. 1, 2009
http://www.bioline.org.br/request?tc09009

Full text - study on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, long regarded as a good model for the preliminary screening of agents which may be effective in treating type II diabetes

Cardiovascular

Possible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of Annona muricata (soursop) in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats.
Pharmaceutical Biology - November, 2012
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22950673

A look at the blood pressure reducing effect of soursop's aqueous leaf extract in rats, and the possible mechanisms that may be responsible.

Neurological

Isoquinoline derivatives isolated from the fruit of Annona muricata as 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptor agonists in rats: unexploited antidepressive (lead) products.
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology - November, 1997
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9401954

Results of this study imply that the fruit of Annona muricata possesses anti-depressive effects

Effects of ethanol extract of Annona muricata on pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsive seizures in mice
Phytotherapy Research - May 1997
Wiley Online Library

This study indicates that ethanol extract of the leaves of Annona muricata contains an active substance or substances that suppressed the tonic phase of PTZ-induced clonic-tonic seizures in mice.

Public health

Antiplasmodial activity of seven plants used in African folk medicine.
Indian Journal of Pharmacology - 2004
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20043141442.html

Tests indicated antimalarial activities from soursop extract.

Effect of the extract of Annona muricata and Petunia nyctaginiflora on Herpes simplex virus
Journal of Ethnopharmacology - May, 1998
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9687085

Antiparasitic activity of Annona muricata and Annona cherimolia seeds.
Planta medica - October, 1991
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1798795

Different susceptibilities of Leishmania spp. promastigotes to the Annona muricata acetogenins annonacinone and corossolone, and the Platymiscium floribundum coumarin scoparone.
Experimental Parasitology - March, 2013
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23232251

Concluded that leishmanicidal activity demonstrated by the acetogenins found in Soursop indicate these compounds for further studies as potential agents against leishmanaisis ("Black Fever").

Atypical Parkinsonism of Guadeloupe

Atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe: a common risk factor for two closely related phenotypes?
Brain: A Journal of Neurology, October, 2006
http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/3/816.long

A study examining whether or not heavy consumption of Annona muricata (soursop) plays a role in this neurological syndrome unique to Guadelupe. In the conclusion, it is noted that 50% of the patients were not heavy consumers of annonaceaous products, suggesting that other factors, environmental or genetic, might affect the vulnerability of patients to the neurotoxins in Annonaceae.

Toxicity of Annonaceae for dopaminergic neurons: potential role in atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe.
Movement Disorders, January, 2002
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11835443

In vitro, this study suggests that alkaloids found in the root bark of A. muricata can negatively affect dopaminergic nerve cells.

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Additional Resources

Articles and blog posts written and/or reviewed by health professionals and cancer research specialists.

Graviola Tree and Paw-Paw Treatments (by Webster Kehr, Independent Cancer Research Foundation, Inc.)

May 27, 2013
A look at the potential of Graviola and related plant Paw-Paw as alternative cancer treatments. Written by Webster Kehr - cancer researcher for the Independent Cancer Research Foundation - a non-profit cancer research organization.

 Doctor Oz: Rainforest Remedies

May 6, 2011
Video segment mentioning the some of the health benefits of Graviola. Companion article written by Lindsey Duncan, ND,CN, can be found here.

 Memorial Sloane Kettering Cancer Center - Graviola 

A short profile of graviola (soursop) from MSKCC's center for integrative medicine.

 

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